2.
   2021
/  
  - IV
: 3     :
:    -    ,        
             
1.         ; on     
           



4
6
7
9
13
15
X₂
15
12
8
6
4
3

30
24
20
14
10
4
2.(a)   -    (b)       
   '  
()          :

1
2
4
5

1.6
4.5
40.2
125.0
3.(a)            (b) 
     A, B  C        
   1/3, 1/4  1/5       '  
         
4.(a)         ?(b)  
 3         'X'    
2.
   ;  X     
()       ?        
 
5.  n  p         
         
6.    ?        .   
     
7.()              
 ()       '   
8.            ? 
     
2.
   2021
/  
  - IV
: 3     :
:    -    ,        
             
1.         ; on     
           



4
6
7
9
13
15
X₂
15
12
8
6
4
3

30
24
20
14
10
4
:X₂  X₃  X₁   
   
     '     (X₁)  
     :    (X₂)      (X₃)     X₁
X₂  X₃  '   ,      
  -
      
 "    "     ,
  
X₂  X₃      X₁     
   :
X₁:4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15
X₂:15, 12, 8, 6, 4, 3
X₃:30, 24, 20, 14, 10, 4
      
 
X₂  X₃ ' X₁   ,  
  :
2.
  (  X₁-     X₂ = X₃ = 0  )
    X₂       X₁   , X₃ 
 
 X₃     , X₂   
   X₁          
()       
  ,   -- 

         -     '
 
  3D   :   (X₂, X₃, X₁) ' 
      ()          
  "  "  
       :  -  - 
 
 
1.   :
o 
    :
   
2. a, b₂, b₃     -    :
o    , 
    :
󰆹
󰇛
󰇜

        ( ),   X₂,   
X₃ ; X₁   
3.    :
o  ,       :


:
o  (16.4776):X₁     X₂ = X₃ = 0 (
, 
 0         )
2.
o b₂ = 0.3899:X₂ 1    X₁  0.39   ,  X₃ 
  
o b₃ = −0.6233:X₃ 1    X₁  0.62   ,  X₂
   
      '      '  
   -    ,    ,    , X₂ X₁ 
  ,   X₃  X₁    
X₁     X₂ = 15  X₃ = 30 
     :


 (approximately)
     ,   :

       :  X₂     X₃    ,   
       X₁    
   
 b₂ (0.3899):- X₂   ( , X₂   
   ), X₁   ,  X₃ 

 b₃ (−0.6233):- X₃  , X₁   ,  X₂ 

                
        X₁    '  
          , X₃   X₂   
 ,     X₃     X₂ ( )   
  X₁ (  )    
 ,    
  
X₁ " ", X₂ "      "  X₃
" '  "   
  (X₂) 
 ,     
;   (X₃)  ,              
      
 
       
2.
    : 
X₂  X₃    
(   ),    X₂  X₃ '  X₁   , 
     
 :       '   
     ,  X₂ = 15  X₃ = 30     (
)  ,    
 
    : X₂  X₃      
  (-),          
    
 
X₂  X₃  X₁   :


X₁      :



2.(a)   -    (b)       
   '  
()          :

1
2
4
5

1.6
4.5
40.2
125.0
:(a)   -   
    : X, Y,  Z

           
-
-      :
2.
"















?"
 :
X  Z  Y    ?
        
    : " 
X  Z  
  ,  
Y      ?"
 ,  -   :
"            ,      
     ?"
       

  '     :

 Y  X  Z   
       ,    

 -
     
        :
"












?"
   
  :
 X  Y     ?
    Z     ?
   -      
  ( ""  )
:    ,       
  :




'









?

 -    
2.

  '  :

: X  Y  , Z  
       , 
        ,
    
   
 -
-
     
 ,     
     
      
    
 
     
+ve  -ve   
 +ve  
  '     
  
       
    
    :
- =   
  =          󺆅󺆩󺆪󺆫󺆮󺆬󺆭
(b)          
""    ,           -  
 ,  ,        -   
     
             :
:
=     
=  
=    
  ""  
     
     :
2.
2, 4, 8, 16…
 5, 10, 20, 40...         
 
        ?
 (--   )
 1:    
   :
 2:  

? 
            ,   
       
  :
  
:
󰆒
  
    :
󰆒

  -  ? !    -    
   
A  B      -      
 3:     

 :

󰆒

2.

󰆒

      
 4:  
  A  B   ':
\antilog \antilog
    
   :
!      󺆅󺆯󺆱󺆲󺆳󺆰
(c)         
   :

1
2
3
4
5

1.6
4.5
13.8
40.2
125
    :
 1: 
  (  10;        ):


ln(y)
1
1.6
0.470
2
4.5
.
3
13.8
2.625
4
40.2
.
5
125
4.828
2.
:
󰆒

 2:     

    :
x = 3  
ln(y)   ≈ 2.624
:
󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰆒
󰆒
󰇜
󰇛󰇜
  :

 :
 


 3:  

󰆒
󰇛󰇜

 :


     
󰇛󰇜
2.
 -           
3.(a)            (b) 
     A, B  C        
   1/3, 1/4  1/5       '  
         
:󷙐󷙑󷙒󷙓󷙔󷙕,     ,    
            
   
   ,      ,         ,
            --
,    ,      
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸(a)   
              0  1  
  (    )    
0    
1    
    -  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
󰇛󰇜
Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of possible outcomes
: 
    ,      :
󰇛Heads󰇜
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
               :  
    
1.   
2.
       
          

     '   (  
 ), :
󰇛 or 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
    '  
, :
󰇛 or 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛 and 󰇜
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
        

     , 
 
 
2.   
       
        
    (   
):
󰇛 and 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
   , :
󰇛 and 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛 󰇜
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
          6    
󰇛Heads and 6󰇜

󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()    
    :
  A, B,  C      ' 
    
    :
:
:
:
2.

          '      

 1:       
                 
,   1  
 A  =
 B  =
 C  =
 2:      

    '   :
󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛All fail󰇜


 3:  -    
 1  :
󰇛At least one solves󰇜 󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛At least one solves󰇜
 ,       3/5  0.6 (60%) 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
     - ,    -       
   ,     1/3       , 1/4  
       ,  1/5   
     '   ,        -  
?
,      :         
    : .
 ,       40%  
    60%    -    
2.
  !       '     , 
           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  
  
            
 :
  ',       
  ',      
  "-  " 
 
     -         
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  
  
1/3
2/3

1/4
3/4

1/5
4/5
󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛At least one solves󰇜
󷇮󷇭 
    
 -         
 
         
              
    
       

 :       ,      60%
  
 ,    
 :      ,   
       
      ,  
      
        
  
 
2.
4.(a)         ?(b)  
 3         'X'    
   ;  X     (c)     
 ?          
:(a)       -  
,             ,

  ,   ,     ,       
           
;   -
         '   , 
 
        
                 
  
 :
           
 :Head = 1Tail =
0 "     "      
  :   3             
 (0, 1, 2,  3)     
  ""  ""       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
     (PDF)  
      :
1.   -      (  0,1,2,3 )
2.   -           ( 
, , , )
   , 
   (PDF)    
             - 
     

  '  
   "  5.5    " , 
 
     , 
       ,  :
    5.4  5.6   
2.
     5  10    
PDF      :󷄧󷄫    
󷄧󷄬 
   1    (   1 )
,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                

(b)        
    (b)       

   3       X =     
,      
 
3   ,     : 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
 :HHHHHTHTHTHHHTTTTHTTTT
      :
3  HHH → X = 3
2  HHT, HTH, THH → X = 2 (3 )
1  HTT, THT, TTH → X = 1 (3 )
0  TTT → X = 0
  X    : 0, 1, 2, 3
       

   ,      : 1/8
 ,
( = 0) = 1/8
( = 1) = 3/8
( = 2) = 3/8
( = 3) = 1/8
     (PMF)   
2.
PMF    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
  :   = 1/8 + 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 = 1    
(c)   -  
    ,  , ,        

   
      
        ₹1 
   
   ,  
     ?    
     
,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
    ,       : E(X) = Σ [x × P(x)]
  : X        ,   
 ,     :
X: 0, 1, 2, 3P(X): 1/8, 3/8, 3/8, 1/8
 , E(X) = 0×1/8 + 1×3/8 + 2×3/8 + 3×1/8= 0 + 3/8 + 6/8 + 3/8= 12/8= 1.5
   
  3         1.5   , 
    "1.5 " 
,        
 
   
           
1. 
 
              , 
      
2.
 Y = aX + b, E(Y) = aE(X) + b
:
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
2.   
      X  Y :
( + ) = () + ()
   
    
     
3.    
 C   :
() = 
      
4. - (-  )
 X     
,     
 
5.      
 
 
    
 ,        
     

 ,      :
        
    
         
2.
      -     , 
        
             
     
5.  n  p         
         
:󷄧󼿒   ?
             
      ,         
   !
         :
󷄧󷄫    (n)           
  :   10   n = 10
󷄧󷄬           '   :

  :
 () /  ()
/
 / 
󷄧󷄭    (p)          
:     '      1/2  
    :p =   q =    ,q = 1 − p
󷄧󷄮         
 :
    
     '  
 ,   X = n     

 :X ~  (n, p)
2.
   : "X, n      p       
 "
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    
     
 : "n   x      
?"
   
  5     2      ?
     , 
      
󼩏󼩐󼩑-- 
 :
n =   
p =   
q = 1 − p =   
X =  
   
x =    
x    ,  (n − x)     
x   (n − x)         :
pˣ × qⁿ⁻ˣ
  !   -     
 :  
        2   ,  
  :
...
...
THH
  
 ,  n   x           
 
:
2.
     :
󰇛 󰇜
󰇛󰇜

:
x = 0,1,2,3,...,n
  n   x     
     
󽇐   
            


󷄧󷄫 (  )
   : "
      ?"
  :
Mean 
:          40%   (p = 0.4),   6
    :  = np = 6 × 0.4 = 2.4
  ,    2  3       
󷄧󷄬   
   -   -    
  :
2.
Variance 󰇛󰇜 
    :

 p 0.5   ,     
       p 0  1   ,
    
    
󷄧󷄭   
 p '   :
 p = 0.5    -      
 p > 0.5    '   (    )
 p < 0.5    '   (    )
- n    ,          
       
󷄧󷄮X  
X    : 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n
: -  = 0     = n
󷄰󷄯   (  )
   '    
,  :    
        
 :
󰇛󰇜 󰇛
󰇜
2.
 ,        
󷔬󷔭󷔮󷔯󷔰󷔱󷔴󷔵󷔶󷔷󷔲󷔳󷔸    
?

   /
     ,  :
  
?  / 
    ?  / 
    ?  / 
     ?  / 
        ,     
   
6.    ?          
        
: : , PDF ,  MGF 
              
  -  ,       ,    
    -        -     
        ,       
   
 ()             : 
()    ()      '    
    (PDF)  
󰇛󰇜


󰇛
󰇜

 
   
       ;      , 

     1 ,    
 
    :
2.
 : , . 
  :     
      
   , PDF 
󰇛󰇜


   ( )      ,  0 '      
 :
    :
 (, 0) '
: .󰇛󰇜 󰇛󰇜
              

           ,    
    
    
  
    ,  "" (  , ,   )
       ,       
   
2.
   (   - )   ,  
       
 
   (MGF)  
                
 
󰇛󰇜 󰇟

󰇠


󰇛󰇜

   
󰇛󰇜 󰇛
󰇜
 1:  
󰇛󰇜




󰇛
󰇜


  :
󰇛󰇜




󰇛
󰇜


 2:      
     '   :

󰇛
󰇜


󰇟
󰇛󰇜


󰇠
   :󰇛󰇜
 󰇛󰇜
      :
󰇛󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

     :
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛
󰇜


󰇟
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇠

󰇟
󰇛
󰇜
󰇠
 ,       
 :
2.

󰇛

󰇜

 3:       
   



󰇛

󰇜

 ,
󰇛󰇜 




󰇛

󰇜



 
  -      :




 
 4:  
 ,
󰇛󰇜 

  MGF      ', 
     :󰇛
󰇜
: .
󰆒
󰇛󰇜
: .
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇜
  
       -   ;  
  󰇡
󰇢
           :  , ,   MGF
      ,  
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
 ,  
2.
     (.. ) 
  PDF   170 '   
      MGF  󰇛
󰇜
󰇛󰇜 


          
      ,  
     -     , -    
  
7.()              
 ()       '  
:󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐, ,     
               
      ,       : 
     
   ,  
       
 ""  
           

󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸(a)   
1. 
 ,  , ,       
   

     
   " " 
     (    )   (   
   )
   (μ)    (σ²)      

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
        
  ,          
2. 
        ,       
2.

         , 
   
   
  ()    (s²)       
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       , 
   100
    100      
 
:  (" ")
:    ("   ")
   ;    
   
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
     
        

      :
1. 
o     
   
o          ,     
   
2.  
o           
o        
3.  
o            
o      
4.   
o        
 
o  ,           
        '  
5. 
o  ,            
6.   
o            
o -       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
        ,    
      , -        
  ( ,   )      
2.
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()    
     :  
1.    ?
  (SE)     (    )     
  
              
 
  :    SE "  " 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :

:
=   
=  
  ,  
   ()    
2.   
  
  : SE           
 :SE   -      

 :SE     (  t-  z-)   
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    100       165  ,  
SE = 2          165      
,  2     
3.      
  (n):  SE 
  
   
 
  (σ):  SE 
 
 :,       SE 
 
4.   
2.
   
              
500    , 
    20     
     25  
 
       
 -     
 
          (25 )  500  
       
 SE   ( , 0.5 ),  
          SE
  ( , 3 ),      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  :   ;     
  :,  , ,   ,
  
 :           
  ,              , 
  
    , 
  
   
   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




    
   


      -

100    
 
, ,  
 +   



   
   SE = 2 ..
󷇮󷇭 
                
 ,   
 '          
 - 
,                 ,
       
       
2.
8.            ? 
     
:󺮥  - "   ,  
"
              
 ,  
           
    
         
      
  ,     '  
      
   ,          ,  ,
          
 
    
  
     ' 
󹼣-  - "       "
             
  ,      ,     '  :
 
  
    ,  
    -  
,     , ,   '      
( -     )   
 ""    
    ()      
     , ,      
 
 
     
           
          
󽆪󽆫󽆬      (  )
2.
           :
 
 
     '
       '
     
        
 
   
   
 ,    
    
  
      , ,  
  
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =   
󽇐    ?
              
  :             
      
      2000   
   200
      
       :
1  2000      
     ' ,     ,   
200OR 
         OR
    

      ,    :
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜     
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜  
,     
    
󺮥    ()
              
2.
󷄧󼿒1.   

      ,     
    
     
   ,      

󷄧󼿒2.    
    '         
,    
 
󷄧󼿒3.   
    : "   "       
      
󷄧󼿒4.    

    ,      '      

  ,      '      
󷄧󼿒5.      
                
     , ,        
󹼣     / 
    ,       
󽆱1.      
               
    , 
  
 
2.
:  
       ,       
   ?  
!         
󽆱2.      
           ,      
        ,     
󽆱3.   
     ,       
  
 
   ,       
󽆱4. -   
   ,             
 


:  
     ,       
       ,    
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    
                
 :
󹼧 
     '
   

 
 
󹼧 
       '
    
2.
 
 
󽇐  
           :
     
  
  '         
   ,     '   ,    , 
       
"              
 
       ,       
 "